A Brothel Is Against Public Policy - 1500 Words

ILLEGAL CONSIDERATION Introduction : Mr. Kamal rents his house to Mr. Baazi for one year. Mr. Baazi uses the house to run a brothel. Mr. Kamal has decided to evict Mr. Baazi. When Mr. Kamal comes to know about the intentions about Mr. Baazi, he wants to evict him from his house. Now Mr. Kamal seeks to you to know whether he can evict Mr. Baazi on lawful grounds. Issues : 1) Whether the consideration and object is lawful? 2) Whether, running of a brothel is against public policy? 3) Is the usage of the house as a brothel will render the contract void? Arguments : For Plaintiff : The object used in the case is absolutely lawful. Plaintiff is the offeror and defendant is the offeree. Plaintiff was getting rent as the consideration in†¦show more content†¦Any contract whose consideration or object is immoral or opposed to public policy is void. In the case of V. Narasimha Raju Vs. V. Gurumurthy Raju Ors. , Supreme Court decided that the contract violating the public policy is void. In Uphill v. Wright , plaintiff sued the defendant for recovering the rent of the flat with the knowledge that she was the mistress of a person who used to visit her. The court held that the plaintiff can’t recover the money as the contract was for immoral purpose and is void. So when the consideration becomes illegal the contract becomes void and the plaintiff is the owner of the house and he has complete right to evict defendant lawfully. For Defendant: The parties are competent. There is an offer and acceptance between the parties, the object is the house and the consideration is the rent of the house which is valid. So, the contract between the parties is valid under the ICA . The contract was for the period of one year and due to which the defendant has complete right over the house for the period of one year. If the plaintiff wants the defendant to evict the house it should be done by the mutual consent of both the parties. If it is not done mutually and then the contract is broken it will be a breach of contract, and the plaintiff is liable to pay damages . The object in this case

Essay on Inclusion in the Classroom - 1188 Words

Inclusion in the Classroom Inclusion can be defined as the act of being present at regular education classes with the support and services needed to successfully achieve educational goals. Inclusion in the scholastic environment benefits both the disabled student and the non-disabled student in obtaining better life skills. By including all students as much as possible in general or regular education classes all students can learn to work cooperatively, learn to work with different kinds of people, and learn how to help people in tasks. â€Å"As Stainback, Stainback, East, and Sapon-Shevin (1994) have noted, ‘...the goal of inclusion in schools is to create a world in which all people are knowledgeable about and supportive of all other†¦show more content†¦Aside from providing children with academic benefits, it provides them with a better understanding and respect for diversity. Being in a setting with many different types of students with different needs and abilities provides students wi th a way to learn about differences and how they can help others. In the Success For All study, results showed that the children involved in the study had â€Å"a reduced fear of human differences accompanied by increased comfort and awareness.† (Stout, 2001) If children are separated in the school because of their developmental differences then they will never truly learn that it is okay to be a unique individual. The idea that it is acceptable to be different should become a common knowledge to our students. With that knowledge, our students can make the future a better place for everyone. It has been said that the goal of inclusion is to â€Å"create a world in which all people are knowledgeable about and supportive of all other people.† (Whitworth, 1999) One major benefit that students can gain from being in an inclusion classroom is a heightened self-concept. â€Å"It is generally agreed that children who have learning problems and/or those who are behaviorally impaired often develop a poor self-concept.†(Dunn, 1963:113; Frostig and Horne, 1962: 11-12; Special Education in the Regular Classroom, 1969) One way that students can gain a betterShow MoreRelatedFull Inclusion in Classrooms1379 Words   |  6 PagesFull Inclusion in the Classroom Each child is unique and learns in different ways; however, most schools still have a tendency to cling to the one-size-fits-all education philosophy. It is often overviewed when catering to a classroom that each child has specific needs, and that a small group of children within the class may also need further attention. Disability isn’t always visible nor is it always what we think it is. A child may have an undiagnosed hearing or vision problem, he or she mayRead More Inclusion in the Classroom Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion in the Classroom Inclusion in classrooms is defined as combining students with disabilities and students without disabilities together in an educational environment. It provides all students with a better sense of belonging. They will enable friendships and evolve feelings of being a member of a diverse community (Bronson, 1999). Inclusion benefits students without disabilities by developing a sense of helping others and respecting other diverse people. By this, the students willRead More Inclusion in the Classroom Essay2431 Words   |  10 PagesInclusion in the Classroom Inclusion is one of the very controversial topics concerning the education of students in todays society. It is the effort to put children with disabilities into the general education classes. The main purpose is to ensure that every child receives the best education possible by placing them in the best learning environment possible. Inclusion is a very beneficial idea, supported by law that promotes a well-rounded education while also teaching acceptance of othersRead MoreBenefits of Inclusion in the Classrooms571 Words   |  2 PagesInclusion is the act of placing students with disabilities into the general education classroom. Students are given the tools, time, and resources necessary to actively participate in all aspects of the general education classroom. Inclusion is not just adding a student with disabilities into the classroom, but genuinely including them as valued members of the classroom. Inclusion is not an easy system to put into practice because it requires a gr eat deal of teamwork and cooperation between teachersRead MoreEducation: Inside the Classroom Inclusion835 Words   |  3 PagesInside the classroom, inclusion benefits all kind of students with their communication skills. Within inclusive classrooms, students have the opportunity to learn how to communicate with students who communicate in a non-traditional way. Whether it is through brail, sign language, computers, or writing, individuals learn how to understand one another. In addition, individuals are given the opportunity to express themselves in the way they feel comfortable. The peers in the class without disabilitiesRead MoreInclusion Of Special Education Classroom1488 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents with disabilities in to general education classrooms. Schools have been making more efforts to increase educational opportunities for students with disabilities, and while there are many benefits to inclusion, there are also many challenges. Inclusion of special education s tudents in a regular education classroom continues to be the center of debate amongst administrators and teachers. Everyone has their own ideas and attitudes towards inclusion, and research studies have revealed that thereRead MoreInclusion Of The Classroom : Differentiating With Technology3196 Words   |  13 Pages Inclusion in the Classroom: Differentiating with Technology Lauren Hagerty California State University, Northridge Inclusion in the classroom: Differentiating with technology President Obama said in his January 2011 State of the Union address, I want all students to be able to learn from digital textbooks (State of the Union 2011: President Obama s Full Speech, 2011). On February 1, 2012, the US Department of Education and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released a downloadableRead MoreInclusion in the Public School Classroom Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion in the Public School Classroom What do we do with children with disabilities in the public school? Do we include them in the general education class with the â€Å"regular† learning population or do we separate them to learn in a special environment more suited to their needs? The problem is many people have argued what is most effective, full inclusion where students with all ranges of disabilities are included in regular education classes for the entire day, or partial inclusion where childrenRead MoreClassroom Inclusion, but Is It Really Working? Essay examples779 Words   |  4 Pages Inclusion of students with special needs in the classroom has been implemented around the world since the nineties. Although no longer a hotly debated issue, the question still remains; is inclusion really working or should we still be concerned? A successful transition into the classroom provides social and educational benefits and sometimes challenges in regards to time, supports and behaviors. Teachers, classmates and the special needs students themselves can bring significant insightRead MoreThe Inclusion of Children with Special Needs in a Normal Classroom972 Words   |  4 Pagesa designated classroom or included into a general classroom. Inclusion is educating special-needs students in a classroom with non-special needs students. Debate about inclusion or separate classrooms for children with disabilities has been a topic of discussion in the educational school setting for decades. Supporters of inclusion believe special-needs students, teachers, and non-disabled students do better academically and socially in a diverse classroom setting. However, inclusion of special-needs

The other day, I had a convers... free essay sample

The other day, I had a conversation with one of my mentors, and he asked, What arethe challenges or objections people give you when you are discussing business? There a fewstaples people always say; I dont have enough time. I need to make more money. The one Ifind the most interesting is I make enough money, but somehow I wish I could make more of adifference for othersI just wish I felt more fulfilled in my career.The feeling of fulfillment in your life can be hard to achieve if you are living a life you didnot want or if you fell into a situation and now you dont have a way out. So many of us thoughtwhen we got out of high school or college or got our first job that you knew pretty much how lifewould turn out. Somehow, your life changes. ..a job loss, a relationship begins or ends, an injury,an ill family member, and emergency, the birth of a child, a tragedy or perhaps simply youchanged your mind about your direction and all of a sudden you find yourself in a differentplace. We will write a custom essay sample on The other day, I had a convers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can go on for years with a certain routine without ever asking ourselves thequestion..Am I happy? Unfortunately, for so many people out there the answer to that questionis no. What do you do then? It is unlikely you can change your situation overnight, but you canalways change how you approach your life or even more important; what meaning do you attachto the situation you are in currently? Here are a few ideas to stay focused on making sure youfeel fulfilled in life. 1. Stick to Your Values Learn to honor your beliefs. If something does not feel right toyou, you will need to make changes. Be open to change. This can be a difficult thing,but there is nothing worse than looking back on life and realizing you wasted or lost toomuch of your time.2. Focus on the Positive Take a step back and reflect on what does make you happyabout your life. Surround yourself with people who are uplifting and make you feel good.3. Objective reality set aside time to look at what is a definite in your life and what can bechanged. Dont do an engine overhaul on your life if some things are working and youmight just need a tune up4. Visualize what you truly want This is literally the ONLY way to get what you want out oflife. If you put your energy on anything long enough and with intensity, you can make ityour reality. Success is about the ability to shift your focus to what you must to moveforward instantaneously. 5. Listen to Yourself You are the one who has the answers. In order to find out whatmakes you feel fulfilled, ask yourself, when I feel the most energy and excitement, whatam I doing in that moment? Once you figure that out, find a way to incorporate that intoyour daily life. Sometimes, it takes getting away from everything and getting the chanceto literally hear nothing but your thoughts, to truly recognize what you want or need inlife.6. You are Responsible Its often easy to blame others for what you do not have, butultimately you decide what your life will look like. Take ownership of your circumstancesand understand you have the power to change them at any time. Happiness and fulfillment are reachable, but sometimes we do not see it. One of the best ways I was able to gain more clarity, was to find a mentorwho would ask me the tough questions I was not asking myself. Over the years, we havementored and coached people on how to truly find their why in life and it has led to exponentialsuccess.

Marxist Theorys On Economic Development Essays - Economic Ideologies

Marxist Theorys On Economic Development What is wrong with the world today? Do people need to fight, argue and even go to war with each other? People debate whether the world would not be so full of hate if everything was equal. Well my answer to that is yes, people do need to fight, argue and go to war because that's human nature, our right of speech, and freedom! Some nations are considered to be evil and unjust because they are a communist nation, but are they really bad? One cannot blame a nation for trying to reach the ultimate goal of utopia. However, one must take notice that no country that exists today or in the past has accomplished this monumental task. I am not a supporter of today's communism at any means, but I do believe that a man long ago had the right idea. With some changes and a little work Karl Marx's theory could have made this world greater. Karl Heinrich Marx was born May 5th, 1818 in Trier. Although he had three other siblings, all sisters, he was the favorite child to his father, Heinrich. His mother was a Dutch Jewess named Henrietta Pressburg. Marx was the greatest thinker and philosopher of his time. His views on life and the social structure revolutionized the way in which people thought. He created an opportunity for the lower class to rise above the aristocrats and failed due to the creation of the middle class. Despite this failure, he was still a great political leader and set the basis of Communism in Russia. His life contributed to the way people think today, and because of him people are more open to suggestion and are quicker to create ideas on political issues. It is important to understand that Marx played two important roles in world history: as a critic of capitalism and as an advocate of socialism. Although a strong believer in the importance of building socialism, he spent most of his time and energy on a complex critique of the capitalist system. This critique is still very influential on many historians, art and literature scholars, sociologists and others. There have been many neo-Marxisms which have been based more or less loosely on the original ideas of Marx and which are widely discussed today. Whether you want to explore such ideas or combat them, it's good to have some notion of the subject. The terms socialist and communist have been defined in an astonishing variety of ways. When reading them it is always important to know what the writer means by them. A good example of a this would be to look at the countries today is China a communist nation or a socialist nation? How do you tell them apart? China indeed is in-fact a communist nation, but there is large speculations that they are viewed as socialists. For Marx socialism was the more comprehensive term; communism was an advanced stage of socialism. Socialism would prepare the way by nationalizing the means of production (factories, farms, mines, and transportation) and putting them under the control of those he viewed as the sole producers of wealth: the workers. He viewed political equality and freedom as incomplete (or even illusory) without economic equality. Therefore this redistribution of economic power was aimed at extending democracy far beyond the limits envisioned by earlier democratic revolutions. Social s ervices like health, education, and housing would be provided free, but people would still be paid wages according to their work. I don't know about you or the next person but free health care, housing, and schooling would be a wonderful thing. Everyone always wants to have something better than the next person does. But what if everyone had the best? What if everyone was driving a Mercedes or lived in a 4000 square foot house? Is that so bad, does that mean we have no rights? But like I said earlier Marx's theory does need some work I don't believe that our freedom of speech or things of such should be touched. Marx's explained his theories in a book. Communist Manifesto or Manifest der Kommunistischen Partel was a book written by Marx. It documents the objectives and principals of the Communist

The Needs Theory Motivating Employees with Maslows Hierarchy of Needs free essay sample

Physiological needs are those needs required for human survival such as air, food, water, shelter, clothing and sleep. As a manager, you can account for physiological needs of your employees by providing comfortable working conditions, reasonable work hours and the necessary breaks e.g. to eat and/or drink.Safety needs include those needs that provide a person with a sense of security and well-being. Personal security, financial security, good health and protection from accidents, harm and their adverse effects are all included in safety needs. As a manager, you can account for the safety needs of your employees by providing safe working conditions, secure compensation such as a salary and job security.Social needs, also called love and belonging, refer to the need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance. Social needs are important to humans so that they do not feel alone, isolated and depressed. Friends, family and intimacy all work to fulfill social needs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Needs Theory: Motivating Employees with Maslows Hierarchy of Needs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a manager, you can account for the social needs of your employees by making sure each of your employees know one another, encouraging cooperative teamwork, being an accessible and kind supervisor and promoting a good work-life balance.Esteem needs refer to the need for self-esteem and respect, with self-respect being slightly more important than gaining respect and admiration from others. As a manager, you can account for the esteem needs of your employees by offering praise and recognition when the employee does well, and offering promotions and additional responsibility to reflect your belief that they are a valued employee.Self-actualization needs refer to a persons need to reach his or her full potential. The need to become what one is capable of is something that is highly personal. While I might have the need to be a good parent, you might have the need to hold an executive-level position within your organization. Because this need is individualized, as a manager, you can a ccount for this need by providing challenging work, inviting employees to participate in decision-making and giving them flexibility and autonomy in their jobs.

The Ultimate Guide to Business Casual for Women

The Ultimate Guide to Business Casual for Women SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What does a "business casual" dress code even mean for women? Why is it so poorly defined yet so strictly enforced in certain offices? This article will unravel how to dress business casual for women so you can easily select appropriate outfits for the workplace that also suit your personal style. Introduction â€Å"Business casual† is a fairly straightforward dress code for men. You can wear khakis or some other non-jean pant, a button-down shirt, and maybe a sport coat. Pair it with loafers or a similar dress shoe, and you’re done. Business casual for women is a another story. While some women also reach for button-downs and khakis, for many (myself included), button-downs rarely fit well off the rack, and khakis don’t look as nice as darker slacks or a skirt. To fit the business casual dress code for women, you need an outfit that’s not a boring suit or something super fashion-forward and distracting. Since women’s fashion has so many more cuts, styles, and colors than men’s, the average woman has to sift through a daunting number of choices when shopping. Plus, women are scrutinized much more closely for their fashion choices. This has lead to confusion over what women’s business casual fashion is and how to achieve it. This article breaks down what business casual means, gives concrete outfit suggestions, and lists places to shop at a range of price points. Who Is This Guide For? What Is It Designed to Do? This guide is designed to help women put together BC outfits for a new job where they're not yet familiar with the company or its dress code beyond the fact that they're expected to dress â€Å"business casual.† The goal is to make your shopping trips more efficient and productive and help you pick out a few no-fail outfits that are undeniably business casual and professional. We’re also mainly operating in the context of industries that are likely to require a stricter dress code- business, teaching, finance, law. If you’re in a more creative field or a tech environment where you’re not public facing, business casual is likely to lean more toward â€Å"casual.† The outfits in this article may be a touch too formal for your situation. The idea is these outfits will hopefully be formal enough for any workplace (they won’t be too far on the casual side of business casual), and once you get settled in you can grow your wardrobe based on your company’s/workplace’s take on business casual. It’s safer to look slightly too formal than too casual, especially during your first week of work. Also, keep in mind there are cultural differences. Between the US and Japan, for example, the expectations are different. Women can get away with more playful and short dresses and skirts in Japan, but tops in general have to be much more conservative. Just within the US, San Francisco offices tend to be much less formal than NY ones. Because of that, we've chosen to lean towards relatively conservative choices, but we’ll show a range of styles so you can adapt your outfits to your particular location. Re: Dress Codes and Sexism Another point that needs to be addressed before I get into the guide is the fact that women’s dress codes are often unfair and even sexist. There has thankfully been a lot of discussion and activism on this point recently when it comes to school dress codes. However, there hasn’t been as much discussion about this in the workplace, and many guides online to women’s business casual range from condescending at best (don’t dress like you’re hitting the club!) to sexist at worst (weird preoccupation with necklines, lingerie, and pantyhose). I don’t want this to be one of those guides that lists the obvious in a very demeaning way. At the same time, the outfits we have chosen err on the more conservative side of things in the hopes they will work for a variety of workplaces during the first week, whether you’re in a very traditional office or a more casual one. I think it’s unfair that in many cases women have to spend much more time agonizing over wardrobe choices, and I’m hoping this guide takes some of that pressure off. Once you get to know your workplace, you can start wearing things closer to your own style that are still professional and fall under the business casual umbrella. Who I Am You might be thinking, â€Å"who is this person, and what makes her an expert on the business casual dress code, or workplaces in general?† Well, let’s clarify this right away: I’m NOT an expert. I’m a recent college graduate who has worked or interned in a handful of industries (commercial real estate, banking, education, public relations) both during and after college, primarily in Massachusetts. As a visual artist myself, I enjoy and appreciate fashion, but I fall more on the grunge/overly quirky side of things in my daily life. Business casual dress codes are always difficult for me because I feel like I’m spending money on clothes that are no fun. (I can’t wear crop tops fashioned from oversized thrift store t-shirts? I QUIT.) I've struggled with putting together outfits that adhered to each workplace’s rules, were professional, and fit my budget. This guide started out as my own personal quest to see if I could research a no-fail business-casual outfit that didn’t bore me to tears. I was frustrated at the dearth of helpful resources and realized that if I wanted such a guide, I would have to write one myself. Hopefully this guide will be helpful to anyone trying to put together a business casual wardrobe, but I don't intend for any of this to be definitive, end-all be-all advice. Evidence of me rejecting business casual fashion for weirder fare. (Sam Lindsay/All rights reserved) Who I Am Not Now that you know who I am, let me give you a bit of a disclaimer about who I'm not. #1: A professional stylist/fashion blogger- I did have a short-lived fashion blog in college, but it fizzled out when I got busy with other things. I like to think that I have good fashion sense, but I’m by no means an official â€Å"expert†. This guide is designed to be more utilitarian than anything else! #2: Someone with extensive experience in a single industry- I’m not someone who could talk in detail about how business casual applies to a range of law firms, for example, or the difference between working for a start-up or a job at Apple. #3: Your parents/your boss/your teacher/your counselor- Essentially, I obviously don’t have any authority over you! Which means you should take this advice as advice you are getting from a friend. Take the stuff that is helpful to you, leave or ignore the stuff you think is bullshit. Everyone's situation is going to be a little bit different. What Is Business Casual? Before we get into the good stuff, it’s important to understand what business casual is and how it affects dress codes and expectations at work. Business casual started in the 1990s as an outgrowth of â€Å"casual Fridays,† which was adopted in previous decades as a free perk companies could offer to employees to make their offices seem less soul-sucking. The grown of business casual dress codes in white-collar office jobs was spurred on by a combination of the success of Silicon Valley companies and their casually dressed executives, clever marketing by the Dockers brand, and a push toward more comfortable clothing in general during the late twentieth century. From the beginning of business casual, it was always clearly defined for men: replace your suit and tie with khakis or jeans, a button down, and loafers. Maybe add a sweater. You’re done! But for women (for whom workplace dressing has always been tricky!), a business casual dress code was never clearly articulated. It doesn’t help that these days, each workplace has its own spin on business casual. Business casual lies at the intersection between professional and functional. Companies switched to â€Å"business casual† instead of â€Å"casual† for a reason. They want everyone to look professional without requiring a full suit-and-tie combo every day. â€Å"Business casual† doesn’t mean â€Å"we don’t care what you look like.† It means â€Å"we want you to look professional, but we get that dry-cleaning is expensive and wearing suits all the time is annoying.† So how can you put together outfits that straddle the not-formal-but-not-casual line? Especially given that each office is so different? And that expectations for how women dress are already so complex? I think this jacket is probably fine for business casual...or is it just regular casual? Why must I use space in my brain for this 5 Business Casual Rules to Live By Before we offer up some concrete outfit suggestions, here are five rules to keep in mind as you think about your business casual outfits. #1: Business Casual 101- No Stains, Rips, or Wrinkles These mostly go without saying, but avoid anything that looks old, dirty, wrinkled, or stained. Don’t wear sheer or revealing clothing or clothes with obvious logos. Many â€Å"guides to business casual dressing† online stop here, which is unfortunate, because I figure this rule is fairly obvious. One tip- if you have an item of clothing, like a pair of slacks from your high school debate days or a sundress in muted colors, that you think could pass as professional but you’re not sure if it looks too worn, ask a friend or family member for their honest opinion. Getting a pair of fresh eyes can help you spot a stain, wrinkle, or discolored spot that you didn’t notice yourself. #2: Work From the Outside In Make sure you have a professional coat/jacket if you’re wearing one, a bag, and a versatile pair of shoes before you put together your base outfits. Why is this necessary? Imagine this scenario. Your new job starts Monday. You need some business casual pieces, so you go shopping Sunday and manage to find a neat pencil skirt, a blouse you don’t hate, and a tasteful pair of stud earrings. You buy them, and Monday morning you get dressed. You feel comfortable, and you look professional without appearing too stiff or formal. Mission accomplished, right? Until you look outside. It’s freezing, so you pull on a pair of tights and grab your weathered down parka that has survived four years of college. You look around for shoes, and correctly veto your sneakers, TOMs, and going-out heels. That leaves a pair of scuffed black ballet flats. Whatever, no one will be looking at your feet, right? And last, you pick up your trusty Fjallraven backpack before heading out the door. You know you’re working in a cubicle, so you figure you can stash it there as soon as you get into the office. Post-commute, you enter your new office, excited to meet your new coworkers. Their first impression? A college kid in a casual coat and worn shoes, still sporting a backpack. True, once you ditch the coat and backpack, they’ll see your professional new outfit, but that doesn’t erase the fact that their first introduction to you was decidedly more casual than you would have wanted. (And you know what they say about second chances and first impressions.) Instead, what if you spent the money you used for the blouse, skirt, and earrings on a new pair of flats, a smart wool overcoat, and a professional briefcase or purse? Even if underneath you had a slightly more casual sweater and slacks combination, your first impression would be much more impactful and professional. Plus, you will be able to use those accessories for multiple work days, getting way more bang for your buck than a single blouse-and-skirt combo could ever provide. What’s the lesson here? Make sure your coat, bag, and shoes- the first and last thing that your coworkers will see you wearing each day, as well as the pieces that you will recycle each day- are professional and career-oriented. Not only will these pieces elevate all your other work outfits, they will ensure that the very first impression you make is a strong one. Here are some suggestions and guidelines for the types of coats, shoes, and bags you should be on the lookout for in your shopping: Coats Appropriate styles for coats include trenches, wool cuts with shape. You should also steer yourself towards neutral colors and longer lengths. A solid neutral colored coat can work with any outfit you put under it. Flickr/Joseph Kranak Shoes It's worth spending a bit more money on shoes. Go for high quality natural materials like leather and suede, simple styles, and comfort in movement. In general, you should avoid open-toe shoes, though if you live in a warmer climate they are more often accepted. Ballet flats, pumps, and classy boots are all good options. Flickr/ Spera Bags It’s time to retire your Jansport! In business casual for women, choose a bag with a more structured shape (like a laptop bag, satchel, or leather tote) rather than a bucket bag or a fabric tote. Again, a neutral color like black, navy, or beige is better than something really eye-catching since you want the bag to blend in and convey maturity. Your bag should be big enough to comfortably carry your laptop/tablet and whatever else you need to bring into the workplace. A clutch or small purse won't cut it! Flickr/ateodolinda #3: The 50% Rule Each outfit you wear should be half business formal. Remember that business formal is essentially a suit (matched pants/skirt and suit jacket) with a crisp shirt or blouse and professional shoes. The easiest application of this is rule is to pair formal bottoms (slacks or a pencil/straight skirt), with a more casual blouse. (We'll talk about slacks in detail in the outfit section. I don't shy away from controversial topics.) Another easy adaptation is adding a blazer over a dress. You can also try a formal, structured top (a blazer and/or a button down) with khakis or maybe jeans (though it depends on the style and your workplace, as we will discuss later). The 50% rule ensures that your outfit has at least one obviously formal piece, but it gives you the freedom to make the other half of the ensemble slightly more casual and fun. #4: Don’t Dress Like Someone Else If you’re uncomfortable with your outfit, it will show. Pick an outfit template that most closely fits your personal style. I tend towards a more bohemian and quirky aesthetic in my casual dress, which I try to translate into business casual outfits that incorporate interesting patterns in tasteful ways. I like wearing skirts and dresses as business casual options because I think the options for pants are all kind of dull. But if you’re a person who is most comfortable wearing just jeans and a t-shirt on any given day, then you shouldn’t feel compelled to wear a dress or skirt. Although your business casual outfits will never feel as comfortable as a casual outfit or loungewear, you should like the way you look and feel in them. The longer you work somewhere, the more you’ll come to understand that workplace’s specific definition of business casual and incorporate more of your personal style. This guide will get you through the first few weeks when you’re still navigating the new office! Dressing exactly the same as someone else is only acceptable if you're both adorable twin babies. #5: Know Your Colors If you’re buying a new set of clothes, make sure you can mix and match all of them. This gives you the most utility for your money and can be a lifesaver if half of your clothes are in the laundry. For example, if you buy one pair of slacks, one skirt, and three blouses, you should be able to pair each blouse with each bottom. Also, build your wardrobe on your formal pieces, not your casual pieces. Buy blouses that match the bottoms, not the other way around, or a dress that matches your blazer. Finally, choose a color palette that suits you. Your most readily available options for work slacks, skirts, and blazers will be neutral shades like black, navy, olive, grey, and khaki. These will be the easiest shades to use for creating a foundation for the rest of your business casual wardrobe. In my opinion, black is the most versatile (and almost always looks chic), but if you strongly prefer any of the other shades, you can choose to use one of them as a base instead. Flickr/Maria Morri No-Fail Business Casual Outfits The goal of this section is to give you three basic, customizable outfits. You can choose your favorite(s) and then look for clothes you have or buy pieces to build the perfect business casual outfit for your first few days of work! Also, remember that our goal here isn’t necessarily for you to look super fashionable. You want to wear clothes that are universally read as professional and put-together but don’t stand out too much. That way if your outfit skews slightly too formal or too casual, you won’t draw undue attention to yourself. Outfit 1: Pants / Blouse In an ideal world, this would be an incredibly easy outfit to put together, since it’s literally just pants and a top. But the devil is in the details! Pants For the pants, think slacks, in a material like wool crepe or a polyester blend that resembles it. You can go for either ankle or full-length. Look for skinnies, straight leg, or a slight flare. Avoid capris, culottes, super wide flares, low-rise super tight skinnies, and leggings. For the first week, avoid jeans, but if you see your coworkers wearing them, you are of course free to adopt them. Stick to darker washes, and avoid looks that are faded, damaged, and distressed. Also avoid jeans with contrast-color stitching (like American Eagle and Levis), since they look more casual. Blouse What about the blouse? You have two types to choose from: #1: Button Downs: Button downs can be a great choice because they’re universally perceived as â€Å"businessy† tops. However, they do have a downside in that for many women, it can be hard to find a button down that doesn’t have some sort of fit issue. Especially if you have a larger chest, button downs that fit perfectly in all areas without being custom tailored are basically unicorns. #2: Non Button Down: The benefits to non-button down shirts include more variety, no contention with gaping buttons, and more comfort overall. The issue on this side of things is that it’s a challenge to find blouses that aren’t too casual, sheer, or loud in their design. Lots of people run into the paradox of choice here because there are many, many options and it can be unclear which are appropriate. Here are some guidelines for the types of blouses you should choose for a business casual outfit: Has sleeves - Some workplaces will allow nice sleeveless blouses, but to be safe you should stick to designs with sleeves until you get confirmation on the policy. Relatively conservative color - Jewel tones and pastels are great, but nothing neon, no super loud prints. Not see-through - If a shirt is sheer, have something to easily layer beneath it that doesn’t look sloppy or bulky. Not too many extra details - In general, you should avoid sheer panels or lace cut-outs. One fun detail like decorative buttons should be okay, but decorative buttons plus a giant bow plus a lace hemline will look a little too garish for the workplace. If it feels boring, you can use accessories to spice things up. Sweaters: Yes or No? If a blazer and slacks or a skirt is the most common business formal outfit for women, some people say that slacks and a sweater is a standard business casual outfit. However, sweaters are tricky because they don’t work in all climates, and they run the risk of looking too casual compared to a tailored blouse. Furthermore, sweaters can show their wear pretty quickly thanks to shrinking or stretching, loose threads, and fading dye. That’s why I'm focusing more on blouses and blazers as opposed to sweaters, but if you really like wearing them, feel free to mix in some cardigans or other classy sweaters! Shoes and Accessories As discussed above, your outside choice- coat, shoes, and bag- are crucial pieces. In addition to these, you might also consider: Subtle jewelry A watch A silk scarf A low-key manicure Here are a few examples of business casual outfits that follow the pants/blouse model: Outfit 2: Skirt/Blouse Your second option is similar to the first, but replaces the pants with a skirt! Skirt When choosing a skirt, you should (at least initially) stick with options that don’t have too many bells and whistles and aren’t too short. A length just above the knee or even longer is ideal if you want to err on the more conservative side of things. The shape of the skirt is also something to consider. If you want to look professional, straight or pencil skirts are safe bets. Most A-line skirts will also work as long as they’re not too puffy. Puffy skirts can have a princess-like look that might seem too casual or immature for certain office environments. Again, neutral colors are smart choices because you’ll be able to pair the skirt with a variety of different blouses, although subtly patterned skirts can also be great options as long as they’re an appropriate length and style. Blouse For advice on choosing blouses, see the discussion in the previous section! Shoes and Accessories Again, you can incorporate some classy accessories into your look if you feel like it’s too plain. A small pop of bright color against a neutral outfit always looks nice, and it’s a way of making things more interesting without undermining the professionalism of the look as a whole. Sticking to just one accessory at first is a smart idea. Here are examples of appropriate skirt/blouse combos (some including nice sweaters as an extra layer): Outfit 3: Dress/Blazer Our final standby outfit is quite different from the others, but offers a bit more playfulness and room to experiment! Dress In choosing a dress for a business casual look, you should be on the lookout for styles with hems that fall just above the knee or lower. Shift and A-line dresses are safe bets as long as they’re an appropriate length and not too flimsy or excessively tight. Avoid sundresses, cocktail dresses, dresses with super loud prints, and dresses with cutouts. Necklines should be high cut rather than a deep V or wide neck. It’s best to assume that sleeveless dresses are off limits as well until you know otherwise. You can still wear one, but be prepared to leave your blazer on over it in the office. Blazer Ah, the blazer- that piece of clothing which seems to universally scream â€Å"business!† Since we’re in the realm of business casual for women, you don’t need to worry about getting a fancy-schmancy, lined, tailored blazer (though you can if you want to). Instead, just focus on finding a fit and color you like. Again, stick to a neutral color. It will match with a variety of outfits and won’t be too much of a distraction in the workplace. Save your hot pink blazer for after you’ve settled in and proven yourself. Also, try on different lengths. Blazers range from waist-length to hip-length to tunic-style. You may decide that one style suits you better than another. As with the other pieces in this guide, lean toward more conservative cuts (i.e. nothing super short or sleeveless) Also, don’t be afraid to bargain-shop. I found a simple black blazer at Forever 21 for probably less than $20 once, and I’ve used it to â€Å"class up† my outfits for years. You don’t have to splurge to look stylish. Although, in general, Forever 21 is probably not the best place to go to find durable professional wear. Shoes and Accessories The shoes you get to match this type of outfit depends on your personal style, but ankle boots, ballet flats, and pumps are all good options. Shoes in neutral colors are your best bet because you can wear them with a variety of different outfits. You might also choose to accessorize with one or two subtle pieces of jewelry that echo the color palette of the rest of your outfit. Here are a few examples of office-appropriate outfits that incorporate dresses and blazers (or cardigans): Adapting Business Casual for Summer and Winter Finding appropriate business casual outfits is made even more difficult if you live in an area with drastic temperature fluctuations from season to season. Here are some tips on how to adapt your business casual for women style so you can stay comfortable throughout these climate changes. How to Dress Business Casual in Summer Summer is especially difficult time to dress for work, since outside temperatures make traditional office staples like long slacks, tights, and long-sleeved shirts uncomfortable. At the same time, many of us have to deal with freezing temperatures inside the office thanks to aggressive air-conditioning. So what can you do to cope with the temperature whiplash? #1: Look for Light, Natural Fabrics Time to start reading clothing labels! When shopping for summer work clothes, go for natural fabrics like cotton and linen instead of polyester or polyester blends, because they’re less breathable. Also make sure to avoid heavier natural fabrics like wool. #2: Check the Sleeveless Policy Be careful about going sleeveless unless other coworkers do it! If it’s your first week in a new office, don’t assume it’s acceptable, but if you’ve worked there for a while and you know it won’t be objectionable, sleeveless dresses and blouses are a great way to stay cool. If you do go sleeveless, make sure you still follow all the basic business casual rules- no sheer fabrics, relatively conservative colors- and avoid anything strapless. #3: Ditch the Tights/Pantyhose You can definitely skip tights and pantyhose in the summer (unless you happen to work in a very traditional office), but keep your skirt and dress lengths conservative. Just above the knee or lower is fine, but avoid anything that veers into mini-skirt or mini-dress territory for work. #4: Investigate Sandal Options Thick leather loafers or closed-toe heels that were comfortable in cold weather might not be your favorite choice for summer. Scout out what other women in your office are wearing (are open-toed shoes ok based on what you see?). Summer friendly options include: Canvas slip-ons (even toms, depending on the office) Espiradilles Sandals in neutral colors Make sure to avoid shoes that look too casual, including flip flops and sneakers. #5: Bring Some Layers! Like we mentioned earlier, your office AC might make you cold during the day despite an uncomfortably warm commute. It’s smart to have a cardigan or blazer on hand that you can slip on if things get too chilly. If you pick one in a neutral shade like black, grey, or navy that matches all your work outfits, you only have to worry about having one! Just make sure to avoid any layers that look too casual, like hoodies or denim jackets. Or Snuggies. How to Dress Business Casual in Winter On the flip side, it can be difficult to deal with colder temperatures in winter, not to mention slogging through rain and/or snow to get to work. The good news is that more traditional office wear- pants, blazers, tights or pantyhose, wool materials- tend to keep you warmer than casual clothes. The challenge is shoring up your outfits with additional layers to keep you warm, investing in durable shoes, and finding warm but professional coats. If You Drive... Since you don’t have to cope with slogging through ice and snow, you might be able to get away with skipping winter boots and a parka. That said, if it’s freezing, no one will judge you for wearing a parka into the office or arriving in your snow boots as long as you slip into more office-appropriate footwear once you're inside. If You Commute/Walk... Definitely wear all the layers of clothes and shoes you need to get to work safely and warmly- parka, snow boots, scarf, mittens, etc. You can keep a pair of dress shoes at the office to change into when you get there. Consider wearing tights or long underwear under your work clothes, including your slacks, to help keep warm. You can even double up on tights for extra insulation! Where to Shop for Business Casual Outfits for Women So where do you go to find all this stuff? There’s a ton of options out there. I’ll categorize some of the best places to look for business casual clothes for women by price range so you can make smart decisions about where to begin your shopping. Lowest price point Target Old Navy HM Nordstrom Rack T. J. Maxx Macy's Kohl's JCPenney Dressbarn Medium price point The Gap Express The Limited Ann Taylor Modcloth Banana Republic Dillard's Nordstrom Talbots ASOS Zara Topshop UNIQLO j. jill High price point Anthropologie Calvin Klein Nordstrom J. Crew (suiting collection) Joie Boden Brooks Brothers Club Monaco Moving Forward: How to Take Style Cues from Your Office As you settle into your new office, you can start to tailor (heh) your wardrobe to fit the company culture rather than sticking with generic business casual looks. Here are a few tips on how to use your observations in the office to inform subtle outfit updates that will make a positive impact on the image you present at work. #1: Observe How Management/High-Performers Dress You know the old saying â€Å"dress for the job you want, not the job you have?† It’s actually good advice. You don’t want your work outfits to be just formal enough that they’re barely considered appropriate. You want build an overall professional, competent image for yourself. One tip in that regard is to pay particular attention to how managers and/or high-performers at your job present themselves. If you dress similarly, you're likely to be seen as one of the more focused, driven members of the team as well. #2: Don’t Completely Copy Outfits- Create Your Own Spin-Offs On the flip side, you shouldn’t carbon-copy someone else’s style, especially if it’s quite different from what you normally wear! It’s awkward, and it might suggest that you lack your own creativity or gusto. Look at how other people dress, and think about how you can create your own variations on their outfits that aligns with your personal style. #3: Pay Attention to Weekly Patterns Do people dress down on Friday? Are there specific events where people are dressed more formally (important meetings etc), or does everyone maintain the same level of formality all week? By paying attention to these cues, you’ll ensure that your outfits never look too formal or too casual. #4: Determine If Day-to-Night Transferability Is Important Some offices require you to attend work dinners or events where you're expected to dress more formally, while others focus solely on dressing for the 9-5. When in doubt, stray towards more formal looks! #5: Don’t Try to Pioneer New Office Fashion Trends (Unless You Work in a Creative Field) Even if there’s an event like a company party or dinner or fundraiser, and you’re not sure how to dress for it, you should lean toward more formal and business-y looks rather than either casual or overly dressy. It’s probably not the best time to break out your new pink faux fur jacket and light up sneakers or your full-length ball gown. I do love this jacket though. (Flickr/kelly) Business Casual for Women: Key Tips and Reliable Styles Business casual dress codes are extremely common in office environments, but it can be hard to sort out what's appropriate when you have so many different styles to choose from. Here's a quick recap of the guidelines established in this article. First, the five rules to live by when dressing for a business casual workplace: #1: No clothes with stains, rips, or wrinkles#2: Dress from the outside in (start with staple pieces like shoes, coats, and bags)#3: Follow the 50% rule- half of your outfit should be formal pieces#4: Don't dress too far out of your comfort zone#5: Start with a neutral color foundation (navy, khaki, olive green, black, or grey) Three outfit combinations that, given certain style constraints, will always be appropriate include: #1: Pants with a blouse#2: A skirt with a blouse#3: A dress with a blazer As you get more comfortable in your new office, you can adapt the rules to fit with the specific policies put in place by your company. Over time, you'll be able to personalize your business casual looks to match more with your personal style in casual dress.

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How should the state of Colorado generate funds for Higher Education - Essay Example The state of the education system in the state is regarded as one of the most productive in the nation. In addition to that, it is a leader in the development of green technologies. The state promotes research initiatives and it is a major contributor to research in different areas. According to a report, the economic consequences of research institutions in the state are incredible. The recent reports show for the University of Colorado and Colorado State University show that each$1 of state general fund produces $13.2 of additional economic activity, therefore, it is imperative for the government to increase the general fund for Colorado for the interest of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reasons for the scarcity of funds in the State of Colorado despite its economic significance are several folds. An analysis of the root cause of the problem can provide us valuable suggestions for how to bridge the gap between the supply and demand of funds. Firstly, the higher education crisis is triggered due to the fact that Colorado’s system has failed to meet the demand created by demographic shifts. The most growing ethnic minority, Latinos, are underrepresented in the higher education system. In addition to that, the state imports a significant proportion of the population with postsecondary education while failing to accommodate the needs of its current citizens. The institutions in Colorado significantly differ in enrollment of low-income students as compared to the income level of the counties they serve. Finally, the state ranks at the lowest on the basis of state funding per FTE.

Introduction To Organic Functional Groups And Hydrocarbons Biology Essay

Introduction To Organic Functional Groups And Hydrocarbons Biology Essay Hydrocarbons are compounds made up entirely of carbon and hydrogen. The major types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. Alkanes are parent compounds of all organic compounds and only composed of single bonds (C-H and C-C bonds). The linear (non cyclic) alkanes have a molecular formula of CnH2n+2. Alkanes that are cyclic (ring structure) are called cycloalkanes. For every ring that is present, there are two less hydrogen atoms than the equivalent (in terms of number carbons) linear alkane. Alkanes are non-polar and are the least reactive and simplest of all hydrocarbons. This is because alkanes do not have a functional group, which is usually the part of a compound that is reactive. There are very types of reactions that alkanes undergo such as reaction with oxygen and mostly all types of highly combustible substances. Alkanes are important as they are used in heating gases, gasoline, fuel oil, motor oil, jet fuel, paraffin, and many other types of f uels.1 Alkenes are hydrocarbons with functional groups of at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The double bonds are the reactive part of an alkene. Double bonds are stiffer than single bonds and do not allow for rotation and thus create cis-trans (geometric) isomers. Alkenes have a molecular formula of CnH2n and relatively non-polar. Alkenes that are cyclic are called cycloalkenes. The formula that takes into account double bonds and number of rings is CnH2n+2-2(number of rings + number of double bonds). Alkanes are much more reactive than alkanes due to unsaturation (containing double bond) and can undergo combustion, halogen addition, hydrogenation, epoxidation, oxidative cleavage, and other non-specific free radical reactions. Alkenes are used for synthesis of polymers, drugs, pesticides, and other valuable chemicals including ethanol, acetic acid, ethylene glycol, and vinyl chloride. The polymers are important in making a variety of products ranging from plastic bags to car bumpers.1 Alkynes are hydrocarbons with functional groups of at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Since the triple bond is linear, there is not geometric isomerism. This is the reason that cyclic alkynes (cycloalkynes) are very rare, and could only be present with eight or more carbons. Alkynes have a molecular formula of CnH2n-2. They are relatively non-polar and virtually insoluble in water. Alkynes have similar reactivity to alkenes and are able to undergo halogenations, hydrogenations, and oxidation. Acetylene is a very important type of alkyne as it is used as fuel for oxyacetylene welding torch and used as industrial feedstock.1 Aromatic hydrocarbons are derivatives of benzene, a singular carbon ring with three double bonds. These compounds look like cycloalkenes but have differing properties. They are very stable due to large resonance energy. It is hard to hydrogenate these compounds to cyclohexane and can be only under forcing conditions. Oxidation also requires specific conditions. Halogenations are possible, but only with the aid of catalysts. Though, they can undergo reaction with chloroform through a series of Friedel-Craft alkylations in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride. Charles Friedel and James Crafts discovered these reactions in 1877 and include alkylation reactions and acylation reactions.2 Alkyl halides alkylate benzene to form alkylbenzenes in presence of Lewis acid catalysts. The alkylation is a part of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen atom in an aromatic hydrocarbon to make a carbon-carbon double bond. The acylation part is similar to the alkylation except that the reagent is not an alkyl chloride and is instead an acyl chloride.1 In this experiment, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds were put through various different tests to observe the outcome and help identify the class of an unknown substance. The tests include, physical appearance, odour, solubility in water and cyclohexane, test with bromine, test with aqueous potassium permanganate, and aluminum chloride with chloroform test. The different types of classes result in different products and can be distinguished from one another. The results of the tests on the unknown compound can be matched with the recorded observations of each class to help determine the hydrocarbon functional group of the unknown. Experimental: The experimental procedure carried out for this lab followed the steps listed in the lab manual. Refer to Organic Chemistry Lab Manual Fall 2010-Winter 2011 pages 34-39. It was noted that among alkene and alkyne, an alkene compound was used as these two types of hydrocarbons exhibit very similar properties in terms of reactivity. Results: Table 1: Shows the compounds used to represent each class of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds) including an unknown compound and blanks. All the compounds were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties and underwent various types of tests and the observations were recorded in the table below. To determine if a reaction occurred, the results of tests on each class were compared to that of the blanks, with a deviation in result leading to show that a reaction occurred. Class: Alkane Alkene Aromatic Unknown Blank Compound Name: n-Heptane 1-Octene Naphthalene #663 (Solvent Only) Molecular Structure: - - Chemical Formula: C7H16 C8H16 C10H8 Physical Appearance Liquid, transparent Liquid, transparent Solid, white, shiny Liquid, transparent - Odour No odour Smells a bit strong No odour Slight odour - Solubility in Water Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble - Solubility in Cyclohexane Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble - Test with Br2in CH2Cl2 Light orange colour, transparent, no reaction Clear solution (transparent), reaction occurred Dark orange colour, no reaction Dark orange colour, no reaction The solution remained brown/orange (control) Illuminate Br2 solution White colour, translucent, reaction occurred (slow) (Not necessary as a reaction was observed with Br2in CH2Cl2) Light orange colour, no reaction Translucent, clear, very light yellow, slight reaction The solution remained brown/orange (control) Litmus Paper Test pH=acidic (paper turned pink) pH= neutral (no change in paper) pH=acidic (paper turned pink) pH=acidic (paper turned pink) Paper stayed the same colour pH=neutral (control) Test with aqueous KmnO4 (Baeyer Test) The solution remained purple (just darkened), no reaction The solution turned brown, reaction occurred The solution remained purple, no reaction The solution remained purple, no reaction The solution remained purple (control) Test with AlCl3 and Chloroform The solution remained white and cloudy, no reaction The solution remained white, no reaction The solution turned blue, reaction occurred The solution turned yellow, reaction occurred The solution was white, and cloudy (control) Discussion: The substances that were used to represent alkane, alkene, and aromatic compounds were n-heptane, 1-octene, and naphthalene, respectively. There was an unknown sample given which was tested alongside the different classes of hydrocarbons in order to deduce the functional group present based on the chemical and physical properties observed. The first test was the test of physical appearance. The alkane, alkene, and unknown products were all clear, transparent, and in liquid form, while the aromatic compound was white in colour, had a shiny texture, and was in a solid state. Colourless and white compounds are thought to be pure organic compounds and since the unknown was a colourless liquid, it was believed to be an organic compound.3 The next test was that of odour. This task was difficult and is not believe to be a reliable test as the presence of a definite smell fluctuated in opinion between different experimenters. Only alkene seemed to have a very distinct and strong smell to it. It was hard to figure out the approximate type of smell of alkene as the compound was whiffed for a brief time due to precautionary safety measurements. Other compounds did not have a strong scent to them. There were two solubility tests that were performed. Firstly, the compounds were tested for solubility in water. All the organic compounds were in soluble in water as water is a polar compound and the organic compounds are non-polar in nature. When water was added to the compounds, there were two distinct layers that formed every time, indicating insolubility. The compounds were then tested for solubility in cyclohexane (cyclic alkane), a non-polar compound. When a few drops of cyclohexane were added, all the organic samples seemed to dissolve readily and no layers were observed. The results observed were expected as all organic compounds are non-polar and would only be able to dissolve in non-polar substances. Since the unknown sample behaved like the alkane, alkene, and aromatic compound in terms of polarity, it was to be concluded that the compound was indeed an organic compound (non-polar). As a safety measurement, all the tests that followed were performed under the fumehood. Also, the whole experiment was performed wearing safety goggles, lab coat, and gloves as many chemicals are corrosive and toxic. The tests performed next also included a control (blank) in order to check for a reaction occurring by comparing the results of the organic compounds to that of the blanks. When the organic compounds were tested with bromine in the presence of CH2Cl2, only alkene sample reacted at first. It was observed that a reaction took place because the control remained a brownish orange colour, while the alkene sample turned clear. This made sense as alkenes readily undergo halogenation reaction (Refer to Figure 1). The bromine addition is usually a stereospecific anti-addition across the double bond of an alkene (1-octene in this case) that could be seen in Figure 2.1 This gave an indication that the unknown was not an alkene. The samples that did not initially react (even after warming) were subjected to illumination with the use of a sun lamp. It was noted that the alkane solution had a reaction occurring as it turned clear compared to the control which was still brownish orange in colour. This was probably due to the radical formation of bromine, from the energy provided by the light, that reacted with the C-H bonds.1 Refer to Figure 3 for a general reaction m echanism. Along with the control, aromatic and unknown compounds did not show a change in colour and remained brownish orange. This could have been due to the fact that bromination is very selective and doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t readily react with aromatic compounds. When the solutions were subjected to a litmus paper test, only alkene and the control showed no change in colour of the paper, concluding that they were of a neutral pH. Meanwhile, alkane, aromatic and unknown compounds all turned pink, showing that they all had an acidic pH. This indicated that there was a reaction due to the illumination of the Br2 affected solutions. This was due to the formation of HBr (a strong acid) after the free radical bromination of alkanes and halogenations of aromatic compounds.3 Referring to Figure 4, there are three major and one minor product formed from the bromination of alkane (n-heptane) as secondary hydrogens are more reactive than primary ones. While in the aromatic, naphthalene compound, the bromine tends to attach to the tertiary carbon (refer to Figure 5). The halogenation of aromatic compound has substitution occurring between a tertiary hydrogen and bromine in order to retain all the original double bonds of the compound. After this test it was concluded that the unknown was more similar to alkane or aromatic compound and definitely not alkene. Figure 1: A sample mechanism showing the addition of halogens to alkenes. First, there is an electrophilic attack by a halogen molecule that results into the formation of a halonium ion and a halide ion. The halonium ion is a three-membered ring with a positive charge on the halogen. The halide ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks the halonium ion from the back to open it up and attach itself to the carbon. This creates an overall anti-addition of halogens to the double bonds. Figure 2: Reaction of 1-Octene (alkene) with Br2 in the presence of CH2Cl2 results into two products. Figure 3: A general sample reaction mechanism of free radical halogenation. The mechanism is broken down into a series of steps that include initiation and propagation. During initiation, halogen (bromine) radicals are formed. Light provides sufficient energy to split a bromine molecule to form two bromine radicals. Propagation is divided into two steps. During the first step, one of the bromine radical reacts with alkane and abstracts hydrogen to form an alkyl radical and HBr (strong acid). In the second step, the alkyl radical reacts with a new molecule of bromine and abstracts a bromine to form a alkyl halogen and bromine radical. Figure 4: Reaction of n-heptane with Br2 results into four different products due to radical bromination. The first product (top most) shown is a minor product because the bromine takes place of a primary hydrogen. The rest of the products are major products because they all replace a secondary hydrogen. The more substituted the intermediate radical, the more stable the product. Figure 5: Halogenation of Naphthalene with a bromine molecule in dichloromethane. This is a substitution reaction which retains all double bonds of the aromatic compound. The organic compounds were all then tested with aqueous potassium permanganate (Baeyer test). The only sample that reacted was the one with the alkene as the solution turned brown when 95% ethanol and 2% potassium permanganate (in a drop-wise manner) were added. The alkene was oxidized and a diol was formed due to a syn addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond (refer to Figure 7).1 This lead to the formation of MnO2 which in turn lead to the brown colour of the solution.3 The alkane, aromatic, unknown, and control all remained purple as there was no reaction. Further oxidation would lead to an oxidative cleavage of the glycol (two hydroxyl groups) to form ketones and aldehydes, which forms acid. This test further proved that the unknown did not have a functional group of an alkene. This whole test is called the Baeyer test as the potassium permanganate is a Baeyerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s reagent, discovered by Adolf von Baeyer, in order to test for presence o f unsaturation (such as double bonds) in a compound. Refer to Figure 6 for a general reaction mechanism. Figure 6: A general sample mechanism of permanganate hydroxylation of an alkene. The hydroxylation occurs with syn stereochemistry. Further oxidation of the product splits a carbon-carbon bond. Figure 7: Reaction of 1-Octene with 2% potassium permanganate in 95% ethanol. Initially, the reaction results into a diol but further oxidation splits the product and leads to formation of an aldehyde. The final test was of aluminum chloride with chloroform test. The aromatic and the unknown compounds were seen to have undergone a reaction as they had a change in colour (blue and light yellow, respectively) while the alkane, alkene, and control solutions remained white and cloudy. Since most of the tests determined that the unknown was not an alkene, this test proves that the unknown is not alkane, either and hence, it is aromatic. Aromatic compounds are known to go through Friedel-Craft alkylation in the presence of a proper catalyst (refer to Figure 8). As observed during the experiment, these types of reactions often yield in vibrant colours due to the delocalization of charge among the aromatic rings of the compound.3 In this experiment, the addition of chloroform to naphthalene with aluminum chloride as a catalyst caused a reaction (refer to Figure 9). Figure 8: A sample general mechanism of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, an eletrophilic aromatic substitution. During the first step, a carbocation is formed. In the second step, an electrophilic attack from a benzene forms a sigma complex (resonating structure). In the last step, a proton is lost from the sigma complex to reform the aromatic ring to result into a alkylated product of benzene. Figure 9: A reaction of Naphthalene with chloroform in the presence of aluminum chloride in a series of Friedel-Craft Alkylations. Thus, based on the experiment performed and the comparisons made, the unknown sample #663 was found to contain a functional group of an aromatic compound. There were probably some sources of errors while performing the experiment. One of the sources of errors was that the measurements were all taken as an approximate as there were no indicators on the pipettes while transferring liquids and the solid compounds were not weighed. Furthermore, the pipettes that were used to transfer the liquids from the main containers could have been contaminated as they were shared. The impurities were probably the reason for some of the solutions having a very slight change in colour despite not reacting. Questions: R S Figure 104: Shows the structure of (-)-trans-carveol with chiral centers that are circled and labeled as having S or R configuration. Refer to Figure 10. The chiral centers are circled and they are classified as S or R configuration shown by the arrows point to them. Figure 11: Hydrogenation reaction of trans-carveol. The reaction formula translates to C10H16O + 2H2 -> C10H20O. Moles of C10H16O: = mass of C10H16O / molar mass of C10H16O = 27.2g/ 152g/mol = 0.179mol Moles of H2: ratio of C10H16O / H2 = moles of f C10H16O / H2 1 / 2 = 0.179mol / mol H2 H2 = 0.358mol Volume of H2: PV = nRT (1atm)(V) = (0.358mol)(0.08206 L atm K-1 mol-1)(273.15 K) V = 8.02 L Therefore, 8.02103 mL volume of H2 needed for hydrogenate 27.2g of trans à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬carveol at STP. Figure 12: Extensive hydroboration reaction of trans-carveol results into two products. Litmus paper is made up of an indicator called Litmus, which is a water-soluble mixture of 10-15 dyes that are extracted from Lichens and many other types of natural plants such as red cabbage and absorbed onto a filter paper. Litmus paper is used as an acid-base indicator based on pH values. The dyes respond differently to different pH by changing colour. Paper indicates alkaline (basic) solutions by turning blue and indicates acidic solutions by turning red. There are slight variations in colour that relate to different ranges of pH values but blue and red colours are sufficient to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. This test was discovered around 1300 AD by Amaldus de Villa Nova, a Spanish alchemist. A regular use of litmus paper is to test and regulate the pH level in swimming pools and spa.5

Biking can improve your life Essay -- essays research papers

Biking Can Improve Your Life Exercise is the most important part of a happy life. Americans are some of the fattest people in the world. We are also overly dependant on prescription drugs. These factors stretch from the very young to the elderly. Biking is a great way to introduce activity into sedentary lifestyles. With proper knowledge they will see that biking improves their life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Over the last decade children, in the United States have been gaining weight. Obesity is rapidly becoming an epidemic in our youngster’s lives.†(Spataro, 1999) With the added weight comes greater risk of diabetes, heart diseases and many other ailments. Our children must be taught how proper exercise can give them a better future. Biking is a great way to start the learning process, to introduce an active lifestyle to our children. One way to start the introduction is in the early years. They can gain a love for the sport starting very young. Parents can install child seats or pull a trailer to include them in daily workout routines. When children learn to ride a bike themselves they can accompany parents on shorter rides. Riding to a local park is wonderful motivation for a child to go a few extra miles. It is a great way for parents and children to spend quality time together. As children mature into young adults biking becomes a form of free dom and independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obesity of course is not just a problem for today’s youth. Obesity is...

Zoo Questions

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________ sec. ___ Survey of Animals: Zoo Questions Please type the answers of the following questions: 1. What function, other than hearing, do the African Elephant’s ears serve? Answer: _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What color is the rump of a Hamadryas Boboon? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the life span of the Serval? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 4.What is the diet of the DeBrazza Monkey? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 5. The Bateleur Eagle gets his name from the French word for _____________________. ________________________________________________________________________ 6. The Nile Lechwe is known for what? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 7. Meerkat packs may consist of how man y individuals? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 8. How long will Kirk’s Dik-Dik survive in captivity?Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 9. What bird is considered noisy and gets its name from a loud instrument? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 10. What is the smallest (and cutest) species of fox? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 11. The spiny liana is cracked by what animal? Answer: _______________________________________________________________________ 12. Which area of Africa does the Dwarf Crocodile inhabit? Answer: _______________________________________________________________________ 13. Which of the African monkeys is the most arboreal? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 14. What is the life span of the African Bullfrog? Answer: ________ ________________________________________________________________ 15. What are the three greatest threats to the Savannah Monitor? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 16. Who is the dominant of the group in Patas Monkeys? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 7. How fast can the Patas Monkey run (in miles per hour)? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 18. What is the chemical responsible for the Chilean Flamingo’s color? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 19. How do Yellow-Footed Tortoises recognize each other? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 20. What is the maximum speed of the Collared Lizard (in miles per hour)? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. The Vampire Bat was instrumental in development of medic ines in which field? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 22. What is the largest land predator on Earth? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 23. Raccoons are related to which displayed species in the zoo? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 24. What is the common weight of the Red Wolf (in pounds)? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 5. How fast can the Grizzly Bear run (in miles per hour)? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 26. What is the most developed sense in the American Bison? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 27. Few predators have withstood three centuries of settlement in North America. Name the one that the zoo displays: Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 28. What sets the North American River Otter’s vision apart from the of many land animals?Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 29. Why is the Polar Bear on display at the zoo so skinny? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 30. How does the California See Lion fend off intruders? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 31. Describe five differences between the Polar Bear and the Grizzly Bear: Answer: 1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ________________________________________________________________________ 32. What is the main food source for the Arctic Fox? Answer: ________________________________________________________________________ 33. What was the most amazing thing I learned visiting the zoo? Answer: _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Compelling Reasons to Privatize Social Security essays

Compelling Reasons to Privatize Social Security essays The Social Security Act became law in 1935 and since that time, Americans have been contributing a portion of their wages to the Social Security Administration to pay benefits to retirees in their golden years. Today, Social Security benefits are paid to adults and children who are disabled, and spouses of Social Security beneficiaries. The program has always been funded by individual payroll contributions. Everyone in the country, except government workers, pay into the Social Security fund, and then the funds are paid out to retirees. The system seems simple enough, but many believe the system is doomed to failure, and because of this, the system should be privatized before the government has to spend billions of dollars to shore up the system and keep it solvent.Many people do not believe privatizing the Social Security system is the right answer to save the system. Most experts agree that the Social Security system needs reform. One writer states, "According to the social security system's board of trustees, social security will be insolvent by 2029, one year sooner than was stated in last year's report. This represents the eighth time in the past ten years that the insolvency date has been brought forward" (Tanner 19), and this report was updated in 1996. With the coming rush of "baby-boomers" to retire, the system will be severely strained, and some fear it will go bankrupt attempting to pay benefits to the millions of baby boomers set to retire beginning in 2007. Many reformers believe tinkering with Social Security can keep it solvent, and some of that tinkering has already begun. The retirement age has risen to 67 years of age for most retirees, and benefits are reduced if most retirees have any other forms of retirement income. Experts believe this is only the beginning, and that retirement ages and the amount contributed through pay roll taxes will have to continue to increase to keep the plan solvent and viable, too. ...

Egypt Journal essays

Egypt Journal essays Egypt-lush groves of date palms swaying in the breeze, rolling sand dunes, tawny pyramids shimmering under the desert sun. I have long since had an insatiable longing to visit this land. This week I watched a documentary on the travel channel that only increased the need. I learned many interesting things about this distant land. Plus the bestseller novel I have chosen to read has only heightened my interest since it involves Egypt. A world away form those elusive pyramids, I found the works of Ralph Emerson to delightful to contemplate. I find it very interesting to read the journals of people's lives. Even if some parts are deep and thoughtful, I think it only makes you a better thinker as well. I read over what I have written so far in my journal this week and found that I was deeply influenced by Emerson's pensive feelings. These thoughtful moods indirectly swung towards my art as I boldly painted a bright rose in a dark background. The next day however, I was ready to draw a person reflecting on the distant sunset. This was mostly prompted by a certain degree of serious musings I got out of reading Emerson. I think that even if a person is not use to having an introspective outlook everyday, they can be impelled to go and do just that from Emerson's writing. Again, an image flashed before my eyes, so vivid that it replaced my musings on Emerson's work: a scene of baking desert sands and frowning cliffs. I could almost feel the hot dry air against my skin. I guess the terrain of Egypt will just have to wait for my eventual visit, since in the meantime I plan to explore the land through my bestseller novel. ...

PRIMARY CURRICULUM AND PLACEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

PRIMARY CURRICULUM AND PLACEMENT - Essay Example The curriculum enables children to communicate in a variety of ways and motivates them to develop literacy and numeracy skills in meaningful contexts (Early Years Interboard Group, 2006, p.3) It takes knowledgeable people to design a curriculum that meets all the needs of children. Before one could even attempt to create a developmentally appropriate programme for children, one must know how they learn best and incorporate the principles in the curriculum (McGuire, Wooldridge & Pratt-Adams, 2006). â€Å"Children learn best when learning is interactive, practical and enjoyable for both children and teachers† (Early Years Interboard Group, 2006, p. 4). Very young children in the early years need to have several opportunities to engage in active and challenging learning experiences that capitalize on their interests. When they are actively involved in planning, reviewing and reflecting on these activities, they become more eager learners ready to acquire the skills and concepts they need. The Foundation Stage curriculum aims to provide stimulating environments that give children access to a range of resources, develop secure relationships with peers and adults and empower children with choices and the exercise of autonomy and independence in their learning. It encourages children to explore and take risks (Early Years Interboard Group, 2006). The Foundation Stage curriculum recognizes the importance of play in childhood, as it provides many benefits (QCA, 2000). Play is one avenue in which much learning takes place and they need to be involved in play that is stimulating, challenging and considerate of their developmental needs where they can be free to be oneself without anyone imposing rules or restrictions to conform to society’s standards. Play engages the mind to actively imagine various scenarios for fun or for problem-solving (Pound, 1999). Babies and toddlers play in order to get to know their world – how

Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law of Contract - Essay Example In all this, the intention of enforcing agreements through contracts is to boost commercial relations, since commerce generally involves individuals or personal interaction; and the obligation imposed by a contract is, in general, created by the parties themselves. This makes one accountable for his/her promises, and ensures that they deliver such promise within the ambit of law (Richards, 2007). As it stands, Pete on putting on his website that it is â€Å"The shop that never sleeps† is intended to create the picture of an operating system whereby all customers’ needs are acted on promptly with zeal. In the face of law, this will not be taken to be a twenty four hour business, but within the working hours, it operates with an efficiency that will guarantee customers satisfaction. Any service below this mark can prompt the customer to seek legal action (Stone, 2009). On the same note, Pete put on his website that he has four tickets for Dob Bylan concert at a total pric e of â‚ ¬100 for each ticket. He goes further to say that the tickets will be sold to the first person placing an order with him. This amounts to an offer, to anyone who has â‚ ¬100 per ticket to buy. It puts Mr. ... The person making the offer in this case is known as the offeror whereas the one who has been addressed to is called offeree. Mr. Pete has made an express offer since he has specifically made his intentions known to the offeree(s) through writing (MacLntyre, 2010). An offer is very different from an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat can be termed as a mere invitation to make an offer and no contract can result from it alone. A good example is afforded by the display of goods in a shop or supermarket. From all the decided case so far, the display of goods only amounts to invitation treat, not an offer. The offer is made at the point whereby the prospective buyer approaches the shop attendant or cashier, by picking up the goods and expressing the desire to buy those (Stone, 2009). Here, is a case to explain this: Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain V. Boots (1953). The defendant has self service store in which certain listed drugs were displayed on shelves. It was illegal to sell such drugs unless the sale was under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. A customer selected some of those drugs from the shelves. The defendants had placed a registered pharmacist on duty at the cash desk near the exit, not at the shelves. The defendants were charged with the offence of listing drugs without supervision of a registered pharmacist. It was held that if the sale took place where the customer picked up the drugs, from the shelves, the defendants would be liable, but if the sale took place at the cash desk where the pharmacist was located, then the pharmacist would be liable (Richards, 2007). To Pete’s side the contract is executed on his part, since he has brought forward

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MARKETING - Essay Example Discussion Political: there are heavy regulations that have to be followed in order to contribute the operations. These regulations could be in relation to pensions and the change equal opportunities to employees regarding the age of cabin crew and pilots. Compliance to Political regulations would be needed in order to function. These regulations monitor the expansion of businesses operations and its impacts. Political factors also encompass the increased security due to the international security conditions. The terrorist attacks of the past have an impact over the way Airlines functions. British airways would need to have more security in order to comply with the political safety measures and to ensure customer satisfaction. Economical: there is a global economic crisis and most countries of the world are going through recession in the economy. This economic crisis can lead to reduction in sales. When expanding the business, this could be a consideration as during recession it is m ost feasible for companies to try and cut costs to keep up with the declining economy. Moreover, due to the condition of the economy, many people may be switching to cheaper modes of travel. When there is economic downfall, the currency rates are affected. Pound weaken especially against the euro, this decline in the exchange rates makes UK airlines vulnerable. There is a rise in the oil prices due to the middle ease unrest, these fluctuation in the price of oil and petrol affect the exchange rates and consequently the cost base of British Airways. Also, as fuel prices increase, the costs rise and this makes it hard to deliver competitive advantage. Moreover, there has been a considerable decline in the spending of average UK population. This makes the airlines vulnerable to competition. (Milmo, 2011) Social: According to the national statistics, the UK has an aging population, this is an advantage for British Airways as the older generation seems to indulge more in leisure activiti es and has more time to travel. The unemployment rate is increasing in the UK which means that there is more workers supply than the demand. This increase in the rate of unemployment gives the company bargaining power over the employees. Technological: with the passage of time and the advancement of information technology, the use of internet for buying and selling has been on a constant rise. Online presence is necessary for every business especially airlines and travel agencies. Recent studies reveal that there would be an increase in the use of price comparison sites by the consumers which means that the bargaining power of the consumer would increase as they would be comparing the prices of the airlines and competition would also increase. The internet usage and purchases have increased online bookings and ticket reservations. The trend of purchasing airline tickets over the internet has become widespread. With these trends it is imperative for British Airways to expand its virt ual presence and keep up tp date with the advancements in technology, whilst maintaining a physical presence for the consumers that do not use the internet. As majority of the consumers are now moving to buying tickets over the internet, due to this change, market research could be conducted through email questionnaires and online reviews. With concise and straightforward questionnaires, a sample from the target market can be analyzed. Surveys can also be conducted thro